The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships Essay Example Essay Example

The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships Essay Example Paper The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships Essay Introduction The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships 1 For decades, interracial connections have been a profound situated clash among numerous individuals and families in our history. In the United States, yet numerous nations around the globe have discussed and restricted such acts. In spite of the fact that it has now been seen as illegal dependent on the infringement of the fourteenth amendment, cultural recognitions, standards, and detest bunches have still figured out how to continue. We as a nation have made some amazing progress in the previous fifty years by perceiving the bad form in prohibiting and rebuffing certain relationships, however there is as yet a positive disgrace and a wealth of bias, disdain, and negative responses joined to the individuals who are engaged with an interracial relationship. Studies have indicated that as of late as 1991, 42% of respondents said that they despite everything dislike interracial marriage (About). Further exam inations done by Bramlett and Mosher in 2002 had discovered that by the tenth year of marriage, 41% of interracial couples had separated contrasted with 31% of same-race couples. In the long stretches of 1985 to 1989, a shocking 55% had finished (Bratter King, p. 160). One will in general miracle if these rates are higher as a result of the outside variables and individuals that are against these couples, or if this could be an explanation that such a significant number of individuals are against the idea of interracial marriage. Some have speculated that interracial marriage â€Å"selects on† those people that are as of now prone to separate in light of certain individual qualities. The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships Essay Body Paragraphs One more clarification expresses that â€Å"these relationships possibly join people from contrasting relational styles, and fluctuating qualities appended to marriage and family. Consequently, keeping up that relationship might be more difficult† in the end finishing them in separate (Bratter King, p. 161-62). Numerous different hypotheses have been considered about what it is that will in general lead these couples toward separate from more than others; we will go over a couple of 2 them. Up until 1967 with the instance of Loving versus Virginia, sixteen states in the United States had laws denying interracial marriage between a white and olored individual. Similarly as it is made known through these past laws tending to just high contrast relationships, those connections that comprise of an African American and a white are still observed as the most dubious in America (About). A Ford survey from 2003 overviewed 1,314 Americans which brought about three of every ten members communicating conflict with high contrast intermarriage. Be that as it may, they were â€Å"more ready to acknowledge white-Hispanic or white-Asian marriages†(About). The theories for these mentalities were identified with financial thriving, skin shading, and history of monetary hardship. It is difficult to decide precisely why these sentiments are so solid. Many considered interracial to be as abusing the â€Å"goodness of fit† conviction, that these individuals were less inclined to be good (Lewandowski, p. 289) and furthermore â€Å"loss of racial standing privilege†, for the most part for whites (Bratter Eschbach, p. 1029). So what do these measurements and perspectives suggest for interracial couples of today? Research shows that interracial relationships have an enhanced danger of conjugal dissatisfaction. A large number of the recently referenced mentalities have been appeared to build this high separation rate, however a lot more speculations will be in vestigated further all through this paper. In view of such a significant number of changing mentalities about the subject of interracial marriage, numerous individuals that are in these connections end up knowing a companion or relative that can't help contradicting their convictions and lifestyle with an interracial accomplice. Bratter and King express that â€Å"the negative responses to interracial couples from outsiders and 3 the decreased social help from loved ones for the most part portray the experience of Black/White couples† (p. 62). These couples will ordinarily maintain a strategic distance from network exercises on account of dreaded prejudice and furthermore make some harder memories incorporating into bigger family/informal communities. One model would be a white female accomplice dating a dark man. She might be less outfitted for managing the negative responses toward her dark accomplice and furthermore might be disdained by dark females since she is viewed as a danger to their own marriage possibilities and furthermore said to be unfit to â€Å"raise and support her correctionally non-white offspring†. These kinds of encounters and perspectives lead many Black/white couples to segregate from their networks to rotect themselves (Bratter King, p. 170). As should be obvious, when social help is inadequate with regards to it can prompt couples’ disconnection. Confinement thus can prompt other mental issues and issues between the couple making contentions and trouble a lot simpler to stop by. One could nearly say that in any event outside of the immediate home of the couple, cynicism is by all accounts sneaking on all sides of them. It is anything but difficult to perceive how separation may in some cases appear the most intelligent or possible answer for these anxieties. Plainly negative responses from family just as from society and furthermore outcast convictions are angles that can add to pressure and negative conjugal elem ents, yet there are as yet different factors like foundation/qualities, age, and mental trouble that was simply addressed quickly. Previously, interracial connections were seen by numerous individuals as a mental defect or turmoil in the individual in question; somebody who had low confidence, self-hatred, profound mental afflictions, and mediocrity issues. These mentalities put much to a greater degree a 4 adverse impact on interracial couplings and the individuals that partook in them. Notwithstanding, after numerous new examinations, we have seen that these perspectives have been in reverse. Individuals associated with interracial connections have a one of a kind sack of issues contrasted with same race couples. Many can be or feel surrendered and dismissed by their own locale since they are seen as â€Å"‘selling out’-deserting their race instead of holding onto their race as an esteemed trademark in themselves and others†(Lewandowski, p. 01). Rather than con sidering them to be discovering somebody they love paying little heed to shading it appears that a racial turn consistently must be placed into the image. There is likewise a hidden hatred in numerous African American females when their men wed outside of their race since they consider this to be a danger to their very own conjugal chances and is additionally felt as a contrary impression of their own self-esteem (Childs, p. 558). Additionally, as referenced prior, disengagement is a typical characteristic for interracial couples. Regardless of whether in light of family dissatisfaction, society preference, or simply unreasonable convictions, social disconnection can be extremely harming to people just as a couple without any outlets. â€Å"Both later and old style grant foresee that among every single wedded individual, those in interracial connections are bound to encounter conditions that make mental misery comparative with their equivalent race partners with an equivalent race partner† (Brater Eschbach, p. 1028). Since new research has been given an opportunity, society can see that instead of accepting that there is some hidden mental issue in those that participate in interracial connections, yet that need support, segregation, cynicism, and perspectives from pariahs can prompt mental misery. Hence, the recently thought â€Å"cause† is currently a potential impact. Worry seeing someone without the best possible help and outlets can undoubtedly prompt tense 5 conjugal circumstances and lead to what may appear the main coherent getaway; separate. When taking a gander at a general danger of separation for any couple, age has appeared to assume a significant job. This is additionally applicable for interracial relationships, if not more thus, as you will see. Marriage at a more youthful age has demonstrated to be a huge attribute of many separated from couples. â€Å"Of all indicators of separation, age at marriage is the most settled and most reliably prescient, paying little mind to timeframe when the marriage began† (Bratter King, p. 161-62). Studies done by Bramlett and Mosher have evaluated that there is an emotional increment in separate from rates, over 20%, between the individuals who wed before the spouse turns 18 years old and the individuals who wed after the age of 25 years. This merits referencing while inquiring about the clarification behind such high separation rates among interracial couples on the grounds that generally, explicitly those African Americans that wed outside of their race have would in general wed at a more youthful age than if they somehow happened to wed somebody within their race (Bratter King, p. 62). African American/White connections are referenced explicitly on the grounds that these will in general be the most disputable marriage due to such social separation and furthermore the to the least extent liable to succeed (Childs, p. 544). In spite of the fact that this can't be na med the sole purpose behind such high separation rates among these couples, it can be a beginning stage to clarify a portion of the various elements that go on within these connections. Worry from outside sources have certainly diminished in the course of the most recent decades for interracial couples, however from news and studies we can tell that it isn't totally abrogated like the past conjugal bans have been. Simply take a gander at Bob Jones University in South Carolina. Indeed, even up into the twenty first century, this school was obtrusively 6 precluding interracial connections on their grounds by method of dangers of ejection (About). Sadly these sorts of situations will no doubt proceed during that time and may keep on conveying

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues essayEssay Writing Service

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues essayEssay Writing Service Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues paper Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues essayIt is profoundly significant for any individual working in criminal equity or wanting to work in criminal equity to have moral guidelines of lead that will direct the decisions and choices in complex circumstances. It is likewise essential to have an individual moral way of thinking since criminal equity experts frequently need to manage guilty parties and hoodlums and might need to confront irreconcilable circumstances or clashes of moral standards in their work. The motivation behind this paper is to talk about my own way of thinking and approach for adjusting the accompanying issues: singular rights and the publics insurance, adjusting the utilization of shameless intends to accomplish attractive goals, adjusting the utilization of remuneration and discipline and to suggest methods of utilizing morals in dynamic relating to the considered issues in criminal justice.Individual rights and the publics protectionOne of key issues in crafted by a criminal equity proficient is adjusting social request and open assurance with keeping up singular rights and freedoms (Souryal, 2010). In this specific situation, my own moral way of thinking depends on a mix of utilitarian methodology and deontology. The premise of the presence of the general public is the supremacy of the benefit of everyone and law over individual rights in basic circumstances (Souryal, 2010).I depend on the accompanying standard: singular opportunity can be constrained for the reasons for advancing the basic government assistance, for securing residents and for guaranteeing social request. Simultaneously, in questionable circumstances when it isn't certain whether the benefit of everyone or social request will be influenced by my specific decision, I utilize utilitarian approach and gauge the parity of positive and negative outcomes, considering both the profundity of constraining individual rights and the broadness of the ensuing impact for the benefit of all. For instance, in the event that somebody is performing activities that may prompt fear based oppressor acts or make it simpler for psychological militants to assault a specific objective, it is defended to restrict the individual rights and to demand to modify or stop the activities for the motivations behind securing the public.The utilization of remuneration and discipline in criminal justiceThere exist distinctive moral perspectives on remuneration and discipline in criminal equity. Concerning reward, there are two key methodologies utilitarian (compensating basing on the outcomes) and equity (remunerating for exertion) (Pollock, 2011). As to discipline, key methodologies incorporate retributive discipline rebuffing the wrongdoer for the wrongdoing carried out in the degree practically identical with the wrongdoing perpetrated, utilitarian discipline used to discourage potential guilty parties from carrying out violations, and discipline dependent on comp ensation discipline is performed to repay the casualties for their misfortunes and enduring (Pollock, 2011).In my supposition, it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to restrict the decision to one specific hypothesis of remuneration or discipline on the grounds that there exist numerous elements affecting the decision of remuneration or discipline. With regards to fulfilling, I decide to compensation for results when the endeavor was fruitful and for exertion if the outcomes were modified because of some unexpected outside conditions. This methodology permits to sift through the instances of window-dressing and propels to accomplish results. As to, I will in general depend on utilitarian view and pick discipline which will probably deflect potential guilty parties from carrying out crimes.The utilization of improper intends to achieve alluring endsA striking moral issue in criminal equity is the purported Dirty Harry issue the utilization of unethical intends to achieve at tractive finishes by criminal equity experts (Gaines Miller, 2012). By and large, it is not really conceivable to determine the issue utilizing moral methods and it may be important to utilize pay-offs, lying, trick to stop guilty parties or to forestall violations. Besides, it may be impractical to oppose crooks without falling back on indecent methods (Gaines Miller, 2012). Then again, the utilization of improper methods places criminal equity experts on a similar balance with criminals.In my case, moral decision for this quandary is the accompanying. I accept that it is permissible to utilize shameless intends to achieve alluring closures for a criminal equity proficient in the accompanying conditions: 1) the finishes should be verifiably attractive and neglecting to arrive at these finishes should be certainly unfortunate; 2) there should be no viable method of accomplishing the closures utilizing just good methods (Gaines Miller, 2012);â and 3) the closures ought to be critic al to such an extent that not utilizing every single accessible intend to accomplish them would be indecent. These conditions limit the utilization of corrupt intends to just earnest and significant finishes, and principally depend on deontological standards (condition 1) and utilitarian standards (condition 2 and 3).Using morals in dynamic in criminal justiceKey speculations of regularizing morals utilitarian morals, deontology, ethicalness morals and equity morals give the foundation to moral dynamic which can be extremely valuable in questionable circumstances in criminal equity. Basing on my experience, it is conceivable to give a few proposals to moral dynamic in criminal justice.First of all, I believe that criminal equity experts ought to follow a few key deontological standards, for example, the power of law, the significance of securing the benefit of all and social request, and so forth. These standards are valuable, for instance, in the circumstances when individual right s and open assurance come into conflict.Secondly, I accept that utilitarian methodology is very proficient in the circumstances when different methodologies neglect to give an exit from the circumstance or where they produce wasteful choices. Specifically, utilitarian view can be utilized to evaluate the utilization of indecent intends to accomplish attractive finishes given that the individual creation the choice has enough data to have the option to survey the results of own actions.Thirdly, utilitarian methodology likewise has all the earmarks of being effective for picking prize and discipline, and adjusting prize and discipline. Utilitarian way to deal with discipline permits to discourage wrongdoing or possibly to decrease the likelihood of wrongdoing, in this manner focusing on future violations while different methodologies address previously perpetrated violations and probably won't influence future violations. What's more, utilitarian methodology is proficient for planning rewards and for expanding inspiration of compensated people. These proposals can be applied by criminal equity experts when they need to settle on choices within the sight of moral issues.

How Safe Injection Sites Work

How Safe Injection Sites Work Addiction Drug Use Print How Safe Injection Sites Work By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on July 01, 2018 Don Mason / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Although they arent yet legal in the U.S., about 100 safe injection sitesâ€"controlled healthcare settings where users of illegal substances, with supervision, can inject drugs they’ve brought to the site and receive related servicesâ€"are now operating in a number of countries. The services offered may include healthcare, counseling, and/or referral to social services and drug abuse treatment. Safe injection sites are also known as drug consumption rooms (DCRs), safe injection rooms, and supervised injection sites, facilities, or centers. Do Safe Injection Sites Really Help? As you may imagine, the idea of safe injection for users of illegal drugs is controversial, particularly in the U.S. Many people question whether this is the right approach to tackling the problem of drug use in American communities. In fact, resistance to such an approach has existed  in the U.S  for a long time. As a result, it was only in 2009 that the federal government withdrew its ban on federal funding for needle exchanges. Nevertheless, an impressive body of research, going back a number of years, has shown that safe injection sites offer important benefits to the community: Decreased spread of HIV and hepatitis CFewer drug-overdose deaths and hospitalizationsImproved understanding among users of addiction’s causes and treatmentReduced street crime and litter, such as discarded syringes and other drug-use paraphernaliaIncreased probability that users will seek and get drug and medical treatment What Efforts to Help Illegal Drugs Users Exist in the U.S. Now? Increased national recognition of drug addiction as a  public health problem has led to growing acceptance of “harm reduction,” a non-punishing approach to the situation. Harm reduction is based on the belief that, if injection of illegal drugs cannot yet be entirely prevented, it’s at least possible to limit some of its negative impact on users and their communities. Steps are being taken all around the country to reduce the harm from illegal drug use. They include: Establishment of needle exchangesWider distribution of Narcan, a drug that reverses overdoses, to users and public health and safety personnel: More than 100 Narcan programs are currently operating, with legal protection for those who prescribe or use the drug, in 30 statesBathrooms in some social service agencies that are stocked with clean syringes, Narcan, and other aids for safe drug injection Will Safe Injection Sites Come to the U.S.? Whether safe injection sites will appear anytime soon in the U.S. is open to question. Political resistance and the commonly held belief that illegal drug use should not become “acceptable” will likely mean a lengthy delay in the establishment of safe injection sites hereâ€"if, indeed, this ever takes place. In the meantime, healthcare professionals will continue to observe the effects of these programs in places where they are operating, with an eye to whether and how they may benefit society in years to come.

Differences Between Girls And Boys - 893 Words

Introduction: a) What is the research question? In this article, researchers hypothesized that the main reason for the differences in competence between girls and boys coincide with the differences in motivation-related variables that emerge during their middle-childhood years at school. Consequently, this seemed to direct students into gendered pathways based on who they identify themselves as. The researchers’ main goal was to identify a concrete and relevant heuristic that correlated students’ gender identity to what students thought as perceived fit and social accurate behaviors. The article highlights that the male stereotyping of math and sciences implies greater misfit between girl’s gender identities. Similarly, the stereotype†¦show more content†¦This identity regulation not only impacts their preferences, but may also influence the amount of effort and diligence they provide at school and in learning. Results: a) What were the major results of the study? The major results of the study were that in fact there is a lower girl representation in subjects such as math and science and a lower boy engagement at school in general. Girls demonstrated less confidence in their mathematics and science related capabilities while boys reported less engagement and interest in coursework. Girls whose favorite subject was physics were seen by their peers as possessing more masculine traits. On the other hand, boys’ gender identity seemed to conflict with their effort display, as boys revealed that they act in ways that they feel were in line with their gender identity. This meant that boys tried to hide effort investment in school from others to maintain a masculine image in front of their peers. Conclusions: a) What did the researchers concluded about their study? Did they confirm their research question? 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Gun Control in the United States - 1890 Words

In the past half decade, there has been a rise in violence not only in the State of Indiana, but nationwide as well. The violence has been anywhere from mass school shootings that have devastated the nation to murders that have led to huge racial debates. The school shootings have even been close to home, including the Purdue University incident. Although gun control may help lower the percentage of violent acts, criminals will still be able to obtain guns through the black market. With the black market being more accessible to criminals, gun control could make it more difficult for law-abiding citizens to defend themselves. Also, with restrictions on owning firearms, it could make the citizens feel less safe. Whether it’s considering making a gun harder to obtain through a more rigorous background check or limiting the amount of ammunition one is allowed to buy at one time, the law-abiding citizens still have a right to own a firearm. Gun control is a topic that has been disc ussed a lot throughout Congress, along with public debates about whether it would be beneficial to the United States. Gun control is simply the regulation of sale, use, ownership, and transportation of firearms, or more specifically, assault weapons and handguns. Gun control also regulates the licensing for carrying a firearm, registration of the firearm, and the regulation on how much ammunition a person can buy at one given time (US Legal, 2014). Anti-gun control lobbyists argue the regulationShow MoreRelatedGun Control Of The United States1698 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened throughout the Unites States has created a great divide among Americans on what should our nation do to prevent further shootings from happening. Many people believe that forcing new laws on how people purchase weapons should require background checks. 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Warid Free Essays

Warid Telecom (Research  Report) Table of Content * Acknowledgment * Dedication * Introduction to telecommunication * Introduction to Research * Research Problem * Problem Statement * Literature Review * Hypothesis * Sample Selection * Research Methodology * Data Collection * Independent Variable * Dependent Variable * Hypothesis testing * Result of Research * Selection of Alternative Htpothesis * Measurement of downsizing * Effect of Downsizing * Analysis through Pie chart * Conclusion * Reference ACKNOWLEDGMENT All acclamation to Allah who has empowered and enabled us to accomplish the task successfully First of all we would like to thank our Allah Almighty who really helps us in every problem during the project. We would like to express our sincere and humble gratitude to Almighty who’s Blessings, help and guidance has been a real source of all our achievements in our life. We would like to admit that we completed this project due to parents who pray for our success. We will write a custom essay sample on Warid or any similar topic only for you Order Now We also wish to express our appreciation to our supervisor SIR. ABDUL HAQ MISS NAYLA who helps us and introduce us to new dimensions of knowledge in Research. Last but not the least our team efforts, support, cooperation and encouragement showed by each member in the group with each other. DEDICATION Our PROJECT is dedicated to our beloved Parents, teachers, brothers, sisters and all of our-selves. Introduction to Research Establish a research territory: Show the importance / relevance / interest of the research area= Advertising is targeted messages that communicate information from a company to individual and groups of consumers. This medium allows companies to draw consumers to the company’s goods and services. In can also influence consumer buying behavior, which helps companies increase sales revenue Introduce and review previous research in the area Establish a niche: ;The purpose of this research is to basically know the impact of advertisement on the consumers so Occupy the niche: ;state the nature and purpose of your research ;indicate the shape of your paper / forecast the findings This paper examines the. The focuses on the events surrounding the downsizing ofWarid Telecom  in 2009 and 2010 and its effect on the employees of Ward, Research problem Background: Advertising  is a form of  communication  intended to  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular  brand. These messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a large number of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action. The question arises that is the huge amount of money that a brand spend on its advertisement is always beneficial for it or not? Problem Statement Does the advertisement influence the buying behavior of costumers or not? What is Warid’s Brand perception and what critical factors are influencing the operator switching decisions of consumers? Literature Review Research papers on decrease in Workforce are: Synopsis of the ‘Literature review on workforce innovation, workforce productivity, planning and modeling’ Background Increasing workforce productivity and efficiency is particularly important in the context of changing demographics, technological advances and rising costs. New and amended roles, new ways of working, clinical pathway redesign, multi-professional team working, collaborative working and advances in technology can help to all help to achieve this. In December 2008, the Workforce Transformation Project (9) Workforce Modelling Group (WMG) commissioned a Literature Review to establish the evidence and impact of workforce innovations and different workforce models on efficiency, effectiveness and quality of care, as well as understanding the possible implications for workforce planning. The literature review was undertaken by Warwick University in collaboration with the NHS Workforce Review Team and was finalized in May 2009. Key aims of the Review The aim was to review the published and grey literature and provide both general and specific evidence on: Innovations in workforce development in the health sector, particularly those aimed at improving workforce productivity and/ or the effectiveness, efficiency and quality of patient care. To include new and innovative roles, new ways of working and  deploying health care staff, alternative service models, education and training interventions, direct and indirect remuneration and reward strategies, and how the use of new technology in the workplace is incorporated into workforce development Examples of best practice and proven methods with workforce models, evidence of effectiveness and with proven successful outcomes, quality measures, costs and benefits analysis and issues which arise for change management and implementation. To include examples from sectors other than health but which could be replicated within and health care context. Evidence of improved workforce productivity and workforce development associated with the successful transfer of services from acute, hospital based services to community based provision. Understand how innovation in workforce planning has been/can be incorporated into workforce planning and development and used within workforce modelling tools. (Reference 3) The main de-motivating factors in work are as follows: 1. Inadequate salary: the workers estimate the value of their work by the salary they receive. A poor salary has a negative effect on their work. A salary is satisfactory when the worker gets what he expects, what others doing the same sort of work are getting, and what is generally regarded as being fair. . Bad working conditions: if the working conditions are not satisfactory, the workers are discouraged and lose their enthusiasm in work. 3. Inefficient administration: workers like to work for an efficient and fair administration. An efficient administration discourages the workers during their routine duties, in one way or another. 4. Incompetent supervision: the workers expect their supervision to be technically competent. If they fail to help at difficul t times, they lose the respect of their sub ordinates. 5. Poor interpersonal relations with management: the supervisors should treat their subordinates fairly and try to have good personal relations with them. Supervisors who have favourites or who are dishonest in reporting on the work of the staff are disliked. The work suffers greatly as a result. 6. Personal qualities of the leader: A leader has two forms of authority: (i) that of his position, (ii) that of his person. (Reference 4) 2008 brought problems for Warid as she is in serious crisis, downsizing has started, and other strategic decisions have to be taken to survive in this competitive market. Let’s see can $250 million save Warid? The problem of Warid Telecom is the HR of the company itself related to un? necessary manpower induction, without a JD and absence of a post induction appraisal system based on merit, which are all big question marks. Marketing strategy is the amalgamation of all other telecos of Pakistan, and heavily playing on price without much of a result, as it is not being tailored according to Warid’s Vision. Most of the Middle East Company’s favorite strategy is the price war, and the only positioning they know is cheaper rates. Warid Telecom was involved throughout the year in the activities below: †¢Planning to expand its coverage to approximately 250 more cities. No timeframe has been announced for the expansion, but Warid has said it aims to include remote and rural areas, focusing on the Northern Areas (NA), Azzad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Baluchistan, which came to me as a surprise, as such areas have already not been covered and why? The GM marketing of Warid has resigned from the company fearing questioning of lapsing 80% of the total marketing budget in just 3 months. †¢Total investment in Pakistan will touch $1. 5 billion by the end of this year while the company will further increase its investment in the telecom sector by $1 billion by the end of 2009. †¢One good thing which came concrete this year is change of company’s logo to something more 3 D. †¢Started its commercial launch of in? flight connectivity with AeroMobile. Ericsson signs pact of $300 million to expand its GSM network, including its Core, Radio, Transmission network equipment and VAS platforms †¢Launched in collaboration with AMES the entertainment and digital media portal in Pakistan †¢Deployed a solar powered BTS site using Huawei’s Solar Powered Macro Base Station (BTS) †¢Launched a new Public Call Office (PCO) scheme in ZEM Pocket PCO †¢Launched Location Based Services. Service enabled subscribers to locate the whereabouts of their family members, friends or colleague. Reference 5) The literature often assesses the downsizing of a company in terms of â€Å"announced layoffs† (cf. De Meuse et al. , 1994; Gombola and Tsetsekos, 1992; Wertheim and Robinson, 2000). Hypothesis Null Hypothesis: Layoff create motivation and no effect on workforce of warid Alternative Hypothesis: Downsizing Create de-motivation and Decrease in workforce of Warid Telecom Sample Selection Select the behavior (warid): Warid have different offices in every location and different franchise in every area, but here we select the main office and on Gulberg office, and some more location here Warid Telecom Ltd Office / Branch / Corporate Address: Spencers Building, Opp Railways Headquarters, Lahore Description: Marked by: Guest We select the sample on the basis of random sampling; warid office is considering random sampling for the employee of warid. Define the target behavior (employees): After selecting the behaviors, we specifically define the target behaviors in â€Å"observable and measurable† terms. Observable and measurable refers to behaviors that are easily observed, countable, have a beginning and an end, and are repeatable. Systematic random sampling Goal: Randomly select 25 employees from a data set of 150 recorded employees. Process: 150? 25=6. Select every 6th record in the data set. To prevent selection bias given the order of the records on the data set, the records may be sorted by name prior to random selection. Data=employees; by name; data sample; set employees; Research Methodology Data Collection Choose a data collection system: Descriptions Age  between 25-45 Income  between 8000-25,000 Gender  Both Males and Female Location  Warid website,  Warid employees Data were collected from the following four sources: Primary Data Collection: Observations Whereas here data collection records the outcome of employees, observational recording systems are used to record samples employees’ layoff as they are occurring. There are several basic systems for recording observational data. When executives view labor as a cost rather than an asset, they likely will attempt to maximize the cost reduction, leading to larger layoffs. Employees Interviews Interviews involve asking someone information about a subject. They can be conducted with both children and adults. This assessment technique helps establish a relationship with the person giving the information. Interviews are often openended, allowing the interviewer to gather additional information as needed. The research techniques that are adopted for the purpose of this study are as follows: The formal interview include people from management in telecommunication and their name are Mohammad Kamran Business Center Manager of WARID Limitation One of the major limitations while carrying out this research was the lack of cooperation on the part of the management in providing the data regarding the company and its policies. Layoff announcements were obtained from Workplace Trends Company sources say that the lay off campaign had been started as the company was facing a major financial crunch. Smelling the catastrophe, Faisal Ejaz Khan, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), has also resigned while the new CEO is yet to be appointed by the company. When contacted, former spokesperson of Warid Telecom Farah Hussain, confirmed that the entire PR section had been abolished. She also confirmed that CEO Faisal Ejaz Khan had also resigned. No responsible officer is there at the company now to confirm anything about the company status, she added. Reported annual employees Rate Warid has decided to wrap up its PR department, while it will outsource its PR activities through some PR agency, told us a source – familiar with the situation. Furthermore Farah Hussain, Manager PR and Rehan Zia, PR Officer resigned from their responsibilities. Another source while speaking with us confirmed that Warid was intending closure of its PR department for last couple of months. In the same connection, company will outsource all of its PR activities. However, we don’t know about what PR agency Warid will work with for its PR activities. Source further confirmed that Farah Hussain and Rehan Zia were asked to report new GM Marketing in Lahore. However, Farah Hussain who was based in Islamabad and Rehan Zia, who used to sit at Karachi office denied to move to Lahore, and eventually resigned. We were unable to fetch official view point of Warid over the situation. We are familiar with Warid’s marketing performance in last couple of quarters, and now closure its PR department – we are not sure about company’s intentions. (Reference 6) Questionnaire: FROM THE RESULTS OF THE PILOT SURVEY WE HAVE FRAMED THE FOLLOWING RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF â€Å"CONSUMER’S  FAVOURITE TV COMMERCIAL AND PRODUCT USED†. Section 1: Demographic information 1. How old are you? Under 18 18 to 24 25 to 30 Above 30 2. What is your relationship status? Married Unmarried Section 2: Interest and life commitments 3. Do you take interest in watching TV ads? Yes  Ã‚  No 4. Do these ads have any impact on your buying decision? Yes  Ã‚  No Section 3: Favourites for ads and products 5. Which is your favourite milk brand? Haleeb * Olpers * Milk pack * Good milk * Any other then specify . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Which is your favorite TV ad of milk? * Haleeb * Olpers * Milk pack * Good milk * Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite mobile brand? Nokia Samsung Matrola Sony Ericson *   Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite TV ad of mobile? Nokia Samsung Matrola Sony Ericson Any other then specify 5. Whic h is your favourite ice cream brand? Walls Omore Yummy Gourmet Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite TV ad of ice cream? Walls Omore Yummy Gourmet Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite mobile connection? Jazz * ufone warid Telenor Any other then specify 5. Which are your favourite TV ads of mobile connection? Jazz U fone Warid Telenor Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite shampoo? Dove Pentene * Sunsilk * Head and shoulders * Any other then specify 5. Which is your favourite TV add of shampoo? Dove Pentene Sunsilk Head and shoulders Any other then specify Section 4: Getting a balance 5. Do the adds help you to perceive about product? ?  Yes  ? No 16. Do the TV ads influence your shopping? ?  Yes  ? No 17. Do you think that there is Difference between favorite TV commercial and product used? ?  Yes  ? No Independent Variables: Changing market conditions:  if there is any change in market condition that will not effect on the motivation and workforce ability of warid employees * Merging of two or more firms (wateen): the collaboration and new way to perform create the motivation level, but here no effect on the workforce in warid * Strategy changes:  If the strategy change in the perf ormance of employees that will no effect on downsizing, but it is considered that the change in competitor strategy, that will effect. Dependent Variables: * Profit Margin:  A company’s profit margin is calculated by dividing profits by sales. This ratio can be a reverse proxy for the cost of producing each dollar of sales. If the per unit labor cost decreases as a result of downsizing, profit margin will rise. * * Asset Efficiency:  The asset efficiency of a company is measured by dividing sales by assets. This measure identifies how efficiently a company is using its assets to produce its sales. If a firm can reduce its assets while eliminating employees and simultaneously maintain or increase sales, it will enhance its asset efficiency. In contrast, if sales significantly drop with the reduction in staff, asset efficiency could remain constant or even decrease. Market-to-Book Ratio: A company’s market-to-book ratio is calculated by dividing the market value of the equity of a firm by its value on the books. This measure more directly reflects the investors’ perceptions of future performance than current or past performance. Thus, if investors believe that the announced layoff will improve the future effe ctiveness of the company, the ratio should increase. * Disaster in new project  : this is dependent on the workforce of company. Because there lose in the company and they compensate through decrease in expensis may be in the shape of employees layoff Hypothesis Testing and Data Analysis Q1| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 30. 0| | 2| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 60. 0| | 3| 4| 40. 0| 40. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q2| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 5| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 30. 0| | 6| 4| 40. 0| 40. 0| 70. 0| | 7| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q3| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| 100. 0| Q4| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 4| 40. 0| 40. 0| 40. 0| | 3| 6| 60. 0| 60. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q5| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 8| 80. 0| 80. 0| 80. 0| | 3| 2| 20. 0| 20. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q6| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 9| 90. 0| 90. 0| 90. 0| | 3| 1| 10. 0| 10. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q7| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 8| 7| 70. 0| 70. 0| 70. 0| | 9| 2| 20. 0| 20. 0| 90. 0| | 10| 1| 10. 0| 10. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q8| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 2| 4| 40. 0| 40. 0| 40. 0| | 3| 6| 60. 0| 60. 0| 100. 0| Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q9| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 5| 50. 0| 50. 0| 50. 0| | 3| 5| 50. 0| 50. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q10| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1| 7| 70. 0| 70. 0| 70. 0| | 3| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q11| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 14| 7| 70. 0| 70. 0| 70. 0| | 15| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q12| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 11| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 30. 0| | 12| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 60. | | 13| 4| 40. 0| 40. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q13| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 12| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 30. 0| | 13| 7| 70. 0| 70. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Q14| | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 16| 6| 60. 0| 60. 0| 60. 0| | 17| 1| 10. 0| 10. 0| 70. 0| | 18| 3| 30. 0| 30. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Gender Percentage in Research: . 1. Which mobile connection you are using except warid? 2. What you think, Service of WARID as an employee or a customer is? 3. What do you think that the sales of WARID are decreasing? . The downsizing of warid is due to external causes? 5. Work force in Warid i s decreasing? 6. Is there any effect on existing employees of warid due to downsizing? 7. After downsizing employees start working 8. Warid is providing fast internet facility than its competitor? 9. SMS craze package is cheaper then its competitor? 11. WARID should focus on 1. Packages rate 2. Advertisement 3. No idea 12. How would you rate the general services of WAID? 13. The current situation of WARID? 14. The reason in warid downsizing is Result of Questionnaire: This survey generates the following result according to the people and employees of warid. Basically people and employees of warid using mobilink connect more frequently and among youngsters, Ufone is more common. But they are just satisfying with the Warid services. All of the people and respondent agree that the sales of warid are decreased and they are facing lose in business. Here one more main issue arise that is external causes are the main reason in decrease in warid sales and performance so that’s why the company is facing crisis. This cause some effect on warid employees, they believe that the company is facing crisis and that’s why company starting layoff. But here some positive aspect is founded. Employees are more efficiently doing their task, and performance level rise due to layoffs. The main reason in decrease in workforce is considered competitor strategy towards customer. They considered, Warid should bring change in the existing packages. Because of this situation in market, employees face fear in work environment and the productivity is decreases. Another fact is founded that is company failed to meet the employee’s satisfaction level. This is occurring due to the disaster in new project in warid. Selection of Alternative Hypothesis: The alternative hypothesis is selected: That is â€Å"Downsizing create de-motivation and employees become less productive and workforce of warid is decrease† Measure of Organizational Downsizing: A standardized measure was developed to provide a more accurate means to compare downsizing in warid. The organizational downsizing variable used in the study is the magnitude of the announced layoff divided by total number of employees in the company. Such a relative assessment of downsizing provides a more accurate means of examining the impact of a layoff on a company’s financial performance. So, 200-employee layoff in a firm the size of warid (36,200 employees) is likely very different from a 200employee layoff. Effects of Downsizing: All small business owners know the weighty responsibility of having employees dependent upon him to provide for their families. Despite a popular perceived view, not all business owners are cold-hearted calculating machines caring only for profits at the expense of everyone they step on while rising to the top. Downsizing also has an economic risk. Shrinking a business reduces market value and reduces its customer base, which can be dangerous if perception of the company views it as unreliable. Growth is always viewed as a positive. Downsizing is not, and doing so will require a good  public relations plan to offset negative publicity and customer perceptions. Another effect is the emotional costs to both owner and employees. Losing a job for any reason is traumatic enough, but losing a job as the result of a business owner’s decision to downsize can be easily misunderstood Analysis through pie charts presentation This chart show the usage of different networks among people 1. Approximately number of Males who are employed in Mobilink, Warid, Zong, Telenor ; Ufone? 2. Approximately number of Males who are employed in Mobilink, Warid, Zong, Telenor ; Ufone? 3. What is the turnover ratio in Mobilink, Warid, Zong, Telenor ; Ufone? 4. Approximately what percentage of employed has received training internally in Mobilink, Warid, Zong, Telenor ; Ufone? 5. What is the percentage of HR function increase in scope and working in Mobilink, Warid, Zong, Telenor ; Ufone Conclusion: The literature review identifies key innovations in workforce development and service delivery and links between productivity and skills, and it suggests reasons why there is a lack of robust evidence across the organization. Some positive conclusions conclude that: * There is a great deal of general evidence on: how best to measure productivity and performance; on links between skills and performance; on the benefits of adopting particular working practices; and workforce planning. * In general, while the  Review  suggests that there are many useful lessons to be learned, there are no simple solutions that can be deployed in all circumstances, although there are many examples of good practice The review of the general literature on links between skills and productivity suggests that, while there is strong evidence that investment in human capital is associated with positive benefits, including improved productivity, as with any other investment there is no guarantee that such benefits will accrue in any particular case. By completing this survey we came to conclude that HRM department is the main department of all telecommunication industry but according to our survey WARID have very well established department of HRM but their all employees are de-motivated and less satisfied with HRM department because of the downsizing. All these telecommunication industries focus on employee satisfaction and motivation for this they conduct training sessions give incentives and all kind of benefits that retain their employees. HRM play very important role in all activities so every industry focuses on its function and scope for the betterment in present and future. Downsizing, reduction-in-force, restructuring, lay-offs . . . the human consequences are often the same: Fewer people doing more work. The costly* conflicts that arise in such a cauldron of workplace stress are challenging for any manager, and may even lie on the path toward the manager’s own demise. Reference 1: http://propakistani. pk/2009/04/28/franchisers-not-happy-with-warid/ http://www. scribd. com/doc/18644216/Final-Marketing-Project-on-Warid-Telecom http://www. kurwongbss. eq. edu. au/ourschool/resource/selection/selection. htm Reference 2 http://www. apnatime. com/3186/2009/12/16/telecom/zong-and-warid-are-worst-in-human-resource-category/ Reference 3: http://workforcedeanery. westmidlands. nhs. uk/WorkforcePlanning/WorkforceTransformationProject9/Literaturereview/tabid/1483/language/en-US/Default. aspx Reference 4: http://www. scribd. com/doc/25489812/warid-brand-managment-project? ecret_password=autodown=pdf Reference 5: http://www. google. com. pk/url? sa=tsource=webct=rescd=10ved=0CC4QFjAJurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. ispak. com. pk%2FDownloads%2FPakistan_Telecom_Report_2008. pdfrct=jq=what+are+the+reason+in+warid+downsizingei=P0zhS_jiCIyangP3kOU3usg=AFQjCNH9BGyaTO91C88zGx67ObCneWTv7w Reference 6: http://propakistani. pk/2009/03/30/warid-wraps-up-pr-department-farrah-resigns / http://propakistani. pk/2009/04/15/warid-pr-dept-is-intact-press-release/ http://business. lovetoknow. com/wiki/Downsizin How to cite Warid, Papers

Treatment Guidelines Effect on Therapists Willin Essay Example For Students

Treatment Guidelines? Effect on Therapists? Willin Essay gnessTreatment Guidelines EffectAbstractWorking with trauma survivors leads to intense countertransference reactions. These are counterproductive to the efficacious treatment environment of survivor empowerment. A theoretical orientation using medical analogies can further frustrate the survivor and clinician with the implicit assumptions of the clinician having a cure and the survivor having symptoms that should be treated and alleviated. Both of these assumptions lead to decreased survivor empowerment and a strain on the theraputic alliance with pressures for a quick cure and an assumption that generalized guidelines can be applied to specific relationships. The clinician may respond with a sense of being deskilled and rely more than usual upon outside sources including expert consultation and written guidelines based upon diagnosis. Unfortunately, experts have their own bias, based upon their own unresolved countertransferences and methodological orientation. These biases can then be passed on to the primary clinician. This study will attempt to determine how strongly this bias might affect the primary clinician by looking at willingness to use coercion on a paper patient with strongly differing treatment guidelines as the independent variable. We will write a custom essay on Treatment Guidelines? Effect on Therapists? Willin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Treatment Guidelines EffectResearch Literature Review ofTreatment Guidelines Effect on Therapists Willingness to Use Coercion with Trauma ClientsImpetus for conducting this study. As I have done volunteer peer-support service work over the Internet, I have noticed more and more therapy clients describing problems in the theraputic alliance. Many therapists have decided what goals they have for the client, and refuse to work with any clients that dont agree with the goals. Others seem to be fearful of a clients possibility of acting out, and act with pre-emptive haste to control, causing severe disruptions in the development of a trusting relationship. These techniques are in direct contradiction to what is generally recognized in the literature as efficacious treatment for trauma clients. When negative treatment outcomes occur, countertransference is usually the culprit. However, there seemed to be a specific trend that indicated there was some education somewhere that encouraged dis empowerment. I was finding that a large number of therapists were setting integration goals for their DID clients, regardless of their clients feelings about those goals. They were also taking over the personality system management in their offices by only allowing one personality to talkthe personality they chose to call the host. They put further constraints on these clients by only allowing them to talk about present day management issues, and refused to delve into feelings, especially about past abuse. They had inflexible boundaries regarding between session contacts; several said they were not available at all, and emergencies had to be 911 calls only. Because it was showing up across the country, I started looking for possible education sources that might be recommending these treatments. I found some treatment guidelines that ISSD put together in 1997 that could very well be the source of these trends. In my research, I also came across some other treatment guidelines that we re very client empowering. As I read the guidelines, it also became clear to me that the tension between medical-model and client-centered theraputic care was re-surfacing here. In this paper, I intend to outline the generally accepted model for trauma survivors. I will then describe how medical models have maintained their hold, and the tension that causes for therapists. I will look at some of the counter-transference tendencies that have been described in the literature, arriving at feasible conclusions for therapists being willing to use coercion, despite its anti-theraputic effects. My research will then focus on two treatment guidelines, one that is client-centered, and one that is based on the medical model, to see if there is a significant difference in therapists willingness to resort to coercion with a paper patient, and nebulous indications of harm. Description of Efficacious Treatment for Trauma SurvivorsEmpowerment. In Trauma and Recovery, (1992), Judith Herman states, the core experiences of psychological trauma are disempowerment and disconnection from others. Recovery, therefore, is based upon the empowerment of the survivor and the creation of new connections. Healing takes place in relationship, and that relationship focuses on the survivor as the source of her own healing. Others may offer advice, support, assistance, affection, and care, but not cure. No intervention that takes power away from the survivor can possibly foster her recovery, no matter how much it appears to be in her immediate best interest (italics added, p. 133). This statement receives further validation in a report by Carbonell (1999), in which she compared four treatment approaches in traumatology. The approaches that were compared were Traumatic Incident Reduction, Visual-Kinesthetic Disassociation, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and Thought Field Therapy. In her discussion, she states that although these techniques vary greatly in their outward appearance, they all require the client choose the level of exposure to stressful materials. It is the client who controls and directs the process, not the therapist. Ochberg (1993) has three principles in his outline of PTSD treatment. The first principle is normalization where the survivors responses are demystified and expected. This restores the survivors sense of power, with a well-mapped out plan that others have followed, to restore a sense of hope. The second principle is the collaborative and empowering principle. Survivors of violent crime, who have felt dehumanized and powerless, can only heal in a collegial environment, which they experience as empowering. The third principle is the individuality principle. Every human has a stress response that is as unique as a fingerprint. Therapist and client walk the path (of posttraumatic adjustment) together, aware of a general direction, of predictable pitfalls, but ready to discover new truths at every turn. The overarching principle of client empowerment is present in all three of these guidelines. Ed Schmookler, (1996), states:Perhaps the simplest and best rule in healing is to trust the other persons process. Nature heals, not you, and the person will bring things up in their own way and own time, as they are ready. It is therefore often best to sit in comfortable silence, once initial greetings have taken place and you have let the other person know that they can talk about whatever they want, and wait for them to decide what they want to talk about. This shows a practical way to incorporate the principle of empowerment in the theraputic setting. Even when there is a significant possibility of suicide, Herman maintains that this principle of client empowerment can still be maintained. In exceptional circumstances, where the survivor has totally abdicated responsibility for her own self-care or threatens immediate harm to herself or others, rapid intervention is required with or without her consent. But even then, there is no need for unilateral action; the survivor should still be consulted about her wishes and offered as much choice as is compatible with the preservation of safety (Italics added, p. 134). George Weinberg, in The Heart of Psychotherapy, points out that actively interfering with the clients life is a psychotheraputic betrayal, and the therapist has risked the entire theraputic relationship in order to keep the client alive. This is further complicated by the fact that, no matter how closely monitored he is, a person can kill themselves or others anyway, if that is what they really want to do. So, the biggest a dvantage the therapist has in effecting long-term change can be lost in an instant, with safety still not guaranteed (pp. 260-261). Theraputic Alliance/Relational Healing: There is abundant documentation for the beneficial effect of the theraputic relationship in bringing about positive change in clients. Erskine (1989) has done a review of psychotherapy literature where he found the single most consistent concept is that of relationship. He cites Peris, Rogers, Fairbairn, Sunivan, Winnicott, Guntrip, Berne, Kohut,, the Stone Center, Buber, Bowlby, and Stem who all have emphasized that an individuals meaning and validation have their source in relationship. He further states that it is the therapists capacity to be involved in a theraputic relationship, such as creating a working alliance or taking responsibility for repairing ruptures in the theraputic process that is the defining variable in clients growth and change; not a theoretical or technique orientation. Van der Kolk, (1995 ) also confirms this stance when he discusses the importance of the theraputic alliance in the reworking and mastery of traumatic material. He asserts that it is the secure attachment to a trusted therapist in a safe environment that allows the client to flexibly remember the trauma and correct the faulty traumatic beliefs. He believes that the behavioral studies (systematic desensitization, implosive therapy, and flooding) are probably more the result of the therapists personal investment in the well-being of their patients than the actual technique used. Fisher, et al (1998) states the theraputic or healing relationship is consistently mentioned by all scholars as a vital element that is present across all psychotherapies and healing in all cultures. The strength of the relationship was a strong predictor of positive outcome. The qualities that are needed in this bond include warmth, genuineness, empathy, and affirmation. Chance and Glickauf-Hughes (1995) provide some differentiat ion between a positive theraputic alliance and a positive transference in the theraputic relationship. The theraputic alliance is reality-based and includes appropriate negative feelings for times that are less than ideal. The client is able to express these feelings and the therapist is able to hear them without a defensive stance. Positive transference, on the other hand, does not allow for negative feelings. It may be a reaction-formation to underlying hostility or appropriate hostility gets displaced onto another person. Positive transference impedes the true theraputic alliance and should be analyzed. Length of Treatment. The third component necessary for chronically abused trauma survivors is time. Researchers agree that, because of the severity of the disruption of trust, and the sheer number of difficulties involved, the length of a course of treatment is measured in years. In recent years, as time limited service constraints have become more and more common, this element of time has become increasingly difficult to obtain:A treatment and ethical dilemma of major proportions is being created by service limitations imposed by managed care; it is not to strong to say that the longer-term and more intensive treatment requirements of many adult survivors and the limitations imposed by many insurance plans are on a collision course. Clinicians may also need to take on the role of advocates in order to argue for appropriate treatment that meet ethical considerations. (Courtois, 1997) In summary, although there are a number of specific treatment techniques, most researchers indicate the necessity for empowerment, a strong theraputic alliance, and, for the more complex cases, a lengthy period of time in the theraputic relationship to ameliorate the damaging effects of trauma. Problematic Aspects in Maintaining an Efficacious Treatment Environment Understanding the need for client empowerment and a trusting theraputic alliance does not seem to be enough in the real-world problems that trauma clients and their therapists encounter. There are numerous problematic aspects to this relationship. Some of the problems that have been noted in the literature include the strain between medical model therapy guidelines and humanistic client-centered principles, and the particular strain of the effect trauma has on transference-countertransference complications in therapy, with a special need to pay attention to boundary guidelines. Also, the positive and negative effects of a therapists prior experience with similarly labeled clients will be explored. Discussion of the Strain Between Symptom Management of the Medical Modeland the Relational Priority of the Humanistic, Client-Centered Model of TherapyThe scientific method with empirical results is the cornerstone to medical-model thinking. It is reductionistic, with an emphasis on the biophysical aspects of body function. It is a powerful tool. Because of it, we now have a powerful arsenal of medications and treatments that contribute both to the quality and the length of human life. When applied to the mind, this model has been effective too, because the brain is a biophysical organ, subject to the same forces and laws of nature as any other organ in the body. Todays pharmacopoeia for treating mental illness is impressive in its advancements over 20 years ago. Also, the interactive effect of other bodily functions on the function of the brain is a significant contribution of the medical model. Neppes book Cry the Beloved Mind: A Voyage of Hope is an excellent example of the helpfu lness of the medical model in treating mental distress with chemical intervention. I use this general term of chemical intervention rather than the more specific term of medication, because there is a great deal of emphasis on things we ingest such as food, smoking, etc., and the chemical interactions those every items have on mental functioning, as well as the actions and interactions of the psychotropic drugs. There is a problem, however, with using the medical model alone when interacting with another human being. The reductionistic thinking results in negation of some very important factors in a persons healing. A persons attitude, drive, spiritual beliefs, and many other factors that are hard to describe, much less test, using rigorous scientific methods, are tremendously important in health and wellness. The recognition of this aspect to human healing is gaining strength now, even in the traditional medical community with writers like Christiane Northrup. Dr. Northrup is a traditionally educated ob-gyn who has seen the limitations and abuses of traditional medicine in her field and has incorporated many of the wholistic Eastern healing principles into her practice. She has attempted a synergistic approach, taking the strengths of both traditions, in order to create the most effective healing environment for her clients. Chip Brown, a veteran newspaper journalist (a Washington Post staf f writer during the Watergate era), also explores the tension between Western-style scientific medicine and the hugely popular alternative medicine Eastern-style energy movement. As he uses his reporters eye, he finds it harder and harder to remain objective as he encounters phenomena that dont fit into his rational, research-oriented mindset. He discovers that he has to make a paradigm shift, as disconcerting and disorienting as the shifts physicists had to make as they moved away from Newtonian physics and into relativity and quantum mechanics. The inherent limitations to Western, scientific thinking became evident to this writer, as he allowed his mind to see more and question more of his basic beliefs. This tension of humanistic versus medical-model thinking is especially manifest in the field of psychology. Even in the basic education, there is a split with Ph.D. psychologists trained along philosophical lines and MD psychiatrists trained in medical school. Once they are in pra ctice, the lines of divergence grow stronger, with tremendous variability in schools of thought and practice. The inherent limitations of medical model practice with its discarding of information that doesnt fit into its paradigm has been described well by Richard Erskine (1998) when he argues that the standardized protocols of empirically validated treatments are, of necessity, based on a symptom-focused medical model or a research-based behavioral model. He says, We need a sense of caution and skepticism when the appropriate treatment is touted or the empirically validated become the standard. When psychotherapy is governed by statistically validating techniques or driven by diagnosis-based manuals, the focus on the clients uniqueness is lost and the healing power in the relationship between client and therapist is overlooked. If we are to be truly responsive to our clients, psychotherapy cannot be practiced with uniformity. Psychotherapy requires an interpersonal relationship of inquiry, attunement and involvement. John Fosett (1992) describes the problem with the client-centered approach, which is that good treatment cannot be verified. It depends on subjective satisfied customers. The core qualities of good counseling cant be verified or monitored with the ease or preciseness of psychotropic drugs, for instance. But, when counselors and society are left to subjective impressions, they are also open to the criticisms of collusion and anecdotalism. While the medical model is helpful in treating the biological components to the stress trauma survivors experience , and can give general guidelines for efficacious treatment approaches for various client populations, it has significant drawbacks. It cannot address the significant healing that occurs in the one-on-one relationship. It also predisposes the therapist and the client toward some error-filled thinking. The medical model assumes that the therapist is the healer, the client is a patient needing to be cu red and the impetus of action is primarily on the therapists shoulders. As discussed above, the emphasis on trauma therapy needs to be exactly the opposite, where the client understands he or she holds the key to healing and the therapist is a valued guide, providing direction and cautions along the way. The inherent tension with these opposing mindsets is the source of much of the conflict and debate in the trauma-treatment literature. Description of Countertransference Problems Encountered in the Treatment of Trauma SurvivorsTrauma is Contagious, asserts Judith Herman. What she means by this statement is that simply the act of witnessing the story of disaster or catastrophe is emotionally overwhelming to the hearer. This phenomenon is known as traumatic countertransference or vicarious victimization. Since engagement in trauma work poses a threat to the therapists own psychological health, it is crucial that the therapist have a support system as well. Some of the countertransference reactions she notes are:A: Empathic helplessness evidenced by a competent clinician suddenly feeling deskilled in the face of a traumatized patient. As a defense to this feeling of helplessness, the therapist is tempted to take on the role of rescuer. But in doing so, the patient is disempowered. If carried to extremes, the temptation to play god results in severe boundary violations including sexual intimacy. .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .postImageUrl , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:hover , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:visited , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:active { border:0!important; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:active , .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373 .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ed14c8e85e167fde568137c19879373:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poul Voulkos Ceramist EssayB: Empathetic rage that can preempt the patients own anger, or at the other extreme, becoming too deferential toward the patients anger. C: Empathetic grief, described as being infected with hopelessness. If this countertransference is not dealt with, the therapist cannot carry out her promise to bear witness, and will withdraw instead. D: There are other countertransferences besides emotional identification with the patient. The therapist is likely to find that identification with the perpetrator has also occurred. This is a horrifying revelation as it challenges their identity as a caring person. Behaviors that show identification with the offender include skepticism of the story, rationalizing or minimizing the abuse, revulsion or disgust at the patients behavior and extreme judgmental, censorious beliefs about proper victim behavior. There may be moments of frank hate and desire to terminate with the patient. There may also be voyeuristic, sexual attraction. E: Finally, she describes countertransferences exclusive to the unharmed bystander with the term witness guilt. This is the guilt of not having had to endure the suffering the patient had to endure. It shows up as anhedonia in the therapists life. In the therapy relationship, she may try to alleviate this guilt by assuming too much responsibility for the patients life, and again, causing disempowerment in the long run. Guilt may also be experienced as the therapist watches the pain unfold in therapy, and this can lead to an aversion to exploring the trauma, even when the patient is ready for it (pp. 140-146). Mary Conners (1997) described her own experience with a severely traumatized client, and found her to be the most difficult, draining, and worrisome patient I have ever treated. The most significant problem for her was to determine the optimum level of responsiveness, faced with the challenges of poor self-care. The final treatment outcome was a success for the client, but for t he therapist, the result was that she never wanted to treat another patient who was so deeply impaired and dependent. The demands of this therapy, particularly outside of treatment hours, were simply too great for me to be willing to go through such a process again. As she described the course of treatment, several of the features Herman mentioned are evident. She felt deskilled and sought to take care of that by a great deal of reading, conferences and expert consultation. As the suicidal impulses continued over a lengthy period of time, Mary showed a pattern of retreating, blaming and finally, renegotiating with termination as a consequence if the client could not meet her conditions. Marys anxiety was self-described as oppressive and it was interfering with her own sleep. After the re-negotiation, the clients attitude and behavior showed a marked change for the better, with a reported sense of well being and happiness. I think this case history is instructive in showing the power of the traumatic counter-transference and how easy it is to become caught up in the victim-rescuer-offender triangle in the intensity of the theraputic relationship. Mary also described the difficulties she had in maintaining appropriate boundaries with regard to touch. But, the revulsion she felt when she thought of touching her client was related more to identifying with the offender than simply holding the boundary only for the clients sake and well being. Mary described her reaction as being primarily parental. She saw her client as a child, with severe developmental deficits. She saw the unmet needs for attachment and self-regulation, and sought to provide directly for those needs. In that process, she lost sight of the strength of the theraputic relationship, and developed many countertransferences that contributed to further regression by the client and Marys own spiraling feelings of being victimized and hatred toward her client. She used the threat of abandonment as the me ans for obtaining the needed distance to re-group and re-stabilize her client. This study shows how easily countertransference can unravel the treatment ideals of client empowerment within a collegial theraputic alliance. Courtois (1997), in her guidelines for treating adult survivors of incest, mentions the stretching or blurring of boundaries to be particularly challenging with this population. She emphasized the need for specialized training and consultation for these clients (reminiscent of Hermans observation of deskilled feelings). She also suggested that many therapists are not able to work with this population by temperament or choice, others by their own person history of abuse or by other life stresses that make it hard for them to have the emotional resources necessary for the demands of the work. These therapists have an obligation to self-assess and refer patients as needed. Countertransferential issues she described included inappropriate anger, sexual expression or be havior, and physical or psychological boundary violations. She stressed that informed consent with clear boundaries need to be stated clearly at the beginning of treatment, with any special techniques that might be used and the possible risks and benefits associated with them. She emphasized that object relations and interpersonal attachments needed serious consideration throughout the course of treatment. She warned that tranferences would be intense and to use these tranferences as important clues to the past, rather than to react and replay the original abuse. She believes countertransference reactions that are caught and managed sensitively can add to, rather than detract from the beneficial theraputic alliance. She organized the countertransference reactions into three categories: Attraction, avoidance and attack. A.Attraction types of countertransference include overidentification, overprotection andfascination. They occur with patient neediness, and with therapist exposure to their abuse history and pain. Rescue attempts such as reparenting, or indulging to make up for the incest are common mistakes at this level. Boundary violations follow, and therapist anger at feeling victimized ensues. (Marys case study is a good example of this progression.) B.Avoidance countertransferences are described as disbelieving, denying, dismissing, or discouraging disclosure of abuse-related material. This occurs with some theoretical orientations or with the therapists personal aversion to hearing the material. They may resort to the same numbing responses used by their patients or they may maintain such an overly rigid professional stance that they are basically unavailable and unempathetic. C.Attraction occurs when the therapist is aroused by the abuse description. This voyeurism repeats the original abuse by the same mechanism of sexual objectification. Sexual exploitation in the therapy relationship shows that incest survivors are the most at risk population for therapist exploitation. Karyn Jones (1998) also delineated similar counselor responses in the categories of rage, avoidance, over-involvement/over-identification, guilt, overwhelmed, shock and horror, and sexual arousal. She noted that counselors who work with child sexual abuse trauma clients are particularly vulnerable to assuming the role of rescuer to the client. She indicated that these clients induce feelings of fright, overprotectiveness, guilt, and excessive responsibility in the counselor. These feelings can lead to boundary violations. She suggested personal counseling, a balanced lifestyle, attending to spirituality, supervision, and continuing education as ways to modify these reactions. Wilson and Lindy (1994) identified countertransference reactions along two poles. Type I includes avoidance, counterphobia, distancing, and detachment while Type II involves overidentification, overidealization, enmeshment, and excessive advocacy processes. The authors categorize four modes of empathetic strain as the underlying dynamic to these reactions and point out several factors that contribute to the breakdown of empathy. The strains are not only the result of the therapists reactive styles, but also manifest at different times during the treatment and are very dynamic processes. They found that most disruptions of the theraputic stance occurred as a result of the clients lack of progress or engaging in acting out behaviors. Thus, it appears that most countertransference problems are linked to either an expectation of a certain rate of progress (medical-model thinking) or anxiety about clients behavior that the therapist cannot control. This sets up the dilemma of feeling responsible, but simultaneously helpless. This anxiety must be worked out within the counselors own process, but it is often acted out upon the client with threats and various levels of coercion to ease the therapists feelings of loss of control and sense of professional failure or both. Mary Connors article is a case in point. Setting Boundaries. Boundary violations correspond to the countertransference extremes. Therapists with high anxiety tend to set up overly rigid boundaries and use punishing consequences including threats and coercion to control the trauma survivors behavior. Therapists with problems of overidentification tend to cross professional boundaries and have problems in distinguishing appropriate role limitations. Both extremes are damaging to the survivor and result in re-traumatization. In my literature review, I was amazed at the justifications used for punishing behaviors. In an in-patient setting, behaviors such as bed making and cleaning were required, and if those activities did not occur, the patient was barred from eating lunch. One patient refused to do these activities and was not admitted to lunch for weeks on end. Even after losing a lawsuit filed by the patients family, this writer still maintains the ethics of that decision, stating setting limits must take into account legal standards that might at times be in conflict with purely clinical considerations. Stuart Twemlow (1997), in his study on boundary violations, has determined that exploitations are the result of power inequities within the therapy relationship. Dominance-submission themes are particularly likely to occur in the transference-countertransference interaction with a trauma client. He states, the more aggression dominates the relationship, the more pathological are the forms of exploitat ion. He found this to be true at both the rigid and the overly-merged ends of the boundary continuum. He specifically mentioned traditional, rigidly applied boundaries as being fear-based artificial constructs that stand in the way of true healing. He believes that boundaries must be tailored to the individual situation, but they should follow these general guidelines: 1) It is a fiduciary relationship, which means that in any boundary violation, the responsibility lies totally in the hands of the therapist. Therefore, all activity in the theraputic relationship should be for the benefit of the patient only. Helping relationships are a dialectical balance between altruism and egoism, and the therapists must always move the equation toward the altruistic side. The second axiom addressed what the therapist should expect from the patient. He clearly states the only absolute expectation that a therapist can have from the relationship with a patient is that of a reasonable fee or salary. Chadda and Slonim (1998) agreed that the therapists role is a fiduciary relationship, but they had considerably more expectations of the patient. In the time boundary, both were expected to maintain a regular time and duration. Phone calls between session are a part of that boundary. Place and space boundaries determined the location of treatment. The business boundary was defined by the regular payments of money. Proper clothing is a social boundary. The language boundary includes word choice as well as tone. Self-disclosure boundaries are about the extent and purpose of the information transmitted by either party. Finally, the physical contact boundary is determined by acceptable professional standards. These authors believed the patient was equally obligated to maintain these boundaries as his or her therapist. They cite Connors article as an example of a patients boundary violations victimizing a therapist. I find this thinking difficult to understand. There is a clear power di fferential in the theraputic relationship, akin to the parent-child relationship. The patient or child behavior isnt held to the same standards that of the parent or therapist. If it were, there would be no reason to need a parent or a therapist .in the first place. Therapist Anxiety and Boundaries.In order to set appropriate boundaries, a therapist needs to remember that anxiety about a clients possible acting out and actual acting out are two different things. If boundaries are set with a high fear level, anticipating any possible acting out, the client has an onerous burden of being in the position of guilty until proven innocent. The theraputic goals of client empowerment and a healing theraputic alliance are lost under the therapists need to control client behavior and the client being asked to prove, over and over, their trustworthiness. Walter Menninger (1990) did a survey to find what triggers the most anxiety in practicing therapists. He found that anxiety associated with a patients suicide was the number one anxiety, with two-thirds of the respondents identifying this as a problem. The specific situations ran the gamut from a therapists hunch that a patient might be suicidal to having to call authorities after a successful attempt. The second response was the more generic category of violence, of one type or another. To cope with anxiety, therapists set firm boundaries, consulted with colleagues, as well as doing their own self-care or using avoidance defenses. More than half used extraordinary actions including restraints, hospitalization, notifying police or security, termination, or filing charges. In my support work with survivors, I have seen all of these items reported. Unfortunately, many therapists will do this based on their own anxiety, without the client demonstrating actual acting out behavior. Needless to say, this creates tremendous problems with trust in the theraputic relationship, including any future relationships with new therapist s. Clients who have been encouraged to tell the truth, no matter how frightening, now find that there are forbidden areas that must not be discussed. They also learn to caretake their therapist and often replay the same secret-keeping, caretaking relationship they had in the original abuse. Since it is the therapists fear level that is the primary contributor toward their impulse to use coercion, it is worthwhile to review the factors that contribute to these fears. Countertransference. The primary factor is the therapists countertransference reaction as previously discussed. Diagnostic labeling. Another factor is the diagnosis of the client. Diagnosis-related anxieties show one of the fallacies of using the medical model in a counseling practice. As a client is given labels, the subsequent health care professionals have expectations that may or may not be accurate, based on the label the client carries. I know of one client whose label got put in her HMO record. Based on that label alone, with no other identifying psychological tests, she was threatened with permanent in-patient hospitalization, state removal of custody of her children and loss of employment. She was fully functional, a single mother with no history of ever abusing any of the children, and a masters level social worker with impeccable credentials. Clearly, this MDs anxiety and action was terribly wrongful, causing tremendous stress that never should have happened to this woman. She was able, in the long run, to prove her trustworthiness, but this is something that no trauma survivor shou ld have to go through, with the system that is supposed to be there to help and advocate for them. In my research, I found that labels created the same difficulties in widely varying fields, from special education, and educational testing, to gerontology, to feminist psychology. All stated that labels tended to put the problem on the individual, creating a prejudicial bias, while ignoring the larger factors of relationships and society. In the field of special education, Denti and Katz (1995) state: Unfortunately, in our view, the diagnostic model makes all problems appear to be individualistic: Problems are always the individuals problems. Thus, the student with a disability is viewed as an atomistic unit, to be studied and treated apart from his or her social relations. In our view, the diagnostic model allows little room to examine a students interpersonal or group relationships, for these relationships are not seen as essential to what the individual needs to become a socially productive group member or citizen. The diagnostic model places a diminished emphasis on students as social beings. Zappardino (1995) says this regarding educational testing: Nowadays, diagnostic labels often follow individuals forever once the labels are applied, in many cases creating self-fulfilling prophecies. Todays terms may be kinder than the technical terms used earlier in this century to describe different IQ levelsmoron, idiot, and imbecilebut the results are the same. Enns says that labels tend to bias therapists, causing them to view their clients as more disturbed than they really are. They also reflect the inappropriate application of social power, ignore environmental influences on symptom formation, represent a major instrument of oppression, and reduce ones respect for clients. She further states, Diagnostic labels encourage therapists to focus exclusively on intrapsychic problems and symptoms, the removal of which may ignore the communicative function of symptoms, encourage adjustment to status quo norms, and reinforce stereotypes. If symptoms are removed without attention to context, the person is deprived of the indirect influence and symbolic communication associated with the problem and thus, may be less powerful after therapy than before treatment. As a result, feminist efforts have focused less on diagnosing and controlling symptoms and more on exploring the role of strong emotions, such as a nger and depressed feelings. Clients are encouraged to use these intense emotions to create satisfactory solutions for themselves. Perkins and Tice (1994), in their gerontological studies note, Current practice is heavily invested in diagnosing or labeling. The value of labels as a method to integrate people in the mental health system and to guide practitioners in their choice of intervention is not minimized by a strengths perspective of practice. Rather, as supported by the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), the assignment of a label is recognized as a process of categorization to assist in financial coverage and reimbursement. However, the strengths perspective does confront a problem orientation of practice where the person is actually perceived as the problem or pathology named. This use of diagnostic labels implies that something is wrong with the person and therefore is demeaning. They go on to state, The basic tenet of most client/the rapist relationships is honoring and respecting the client for whom he/she is. To unravel the complexities of human nature, the clients strengths must be recognized and respected. Thus, while the practice of diagnostic labeling is desirable in creating easily understood categories for the purpose of third-party reimbursement or in discussing the treatment of certain populations having traits that can be generalized across a large number of clients, it also creates significant problems of bias that interfere with optimal treatment. .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .postImageUrl , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:hover , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:visited , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:active { border:0!important; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:active , .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647 .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90de901ac241f302b0183a2667503647:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies EssayPrior negative experience with similar clients. Some related possible sources for therapist anxiety are prior negative experiences with clients who share some characteristics with their present clients. If these previous clients acted out in anxiety-provoking ways, the therapist is more likely to burden the new client with negative expectations. This can be from their own personal experience or from others such as Mary Connors, who has used her single experience with her client as the basis for consulting with other health care professionals. These implicit assumptions might also be transmitted through published guide lines for care. This study will focus specifically on whether client-centered empowering guidelines or symptom-based medical-model guidelines will make a difference in a therapists willingness to use extraordinary measures, as outlined in Menningers article. It will test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between groups of therapists who have different treatment guidelines pertaining to the same paper patient with regard to their willingness to employ threats, hospitalization, and physical or chemical restraints when confronted with a nebulous indication of danger. I have collected a few narratives here to illustrate both the problems mentioned and good, supportive therapy. (My first therapist)didnt work with me the way I started to feel I needed in therapy. I had asked her about talking to certain alters and her theory was that all the alters listen anyway and besides not all alters like therapists, so I think that was the problem. I believe she was afraid that an alter might come forward that either didnt like her or who gave her a hard time. But, because of her reaction, I dont think my insiders trusted her even if they felt they needed to come out(My psychiatrist)helped the system organize and cooperate so that I could gradually move into mainstream society. However, the system restructuring was done behind my back, so as the host, I wasnt even ware I had MPD. It didnt matter since I was functioning like a normal person, and my alters had their nightlife while I slept. This worked well for many years, however, it got to the point where those parts containing the most severe abuse and pathological behaviors started sneaking out and doing minor things(Another therapists) way to deal with it was to do the cognitive bit and tell me I couldnt fracture off all those parts of myself because it wasnt logical or age-appropriate, and if I just understood that it was all an error and that getting abuse from the past confused with patterns in the present is faulty thinking and if I just said that was then and this is now and everything is ok and there are no other people in my head and I have all the skills I could ever need to deal with anything and really made an effort to do it, Id be 100% fine. I wondered why I kept on feeling so lousy.It was hard for me to accept that I HAD DID when I was diagnosed, even though I already had been introduced to three of the others by an imaginary friend whos grown up with me. Then to be told it was all a thinking error and if I just denied it and refused to do the behavior patterns it would all go away, and not be allowed to talk about the past cos it was supposed to be irrelevant, was terribly confusing. I mean, did this T think DID existed or not, and did he think I had it or not? Cos if he though it was a figment of my imagination, why did he spend nearly 3 months trying to convince me I had it? I felt very anxious about it, I didnt even seem to be capable of being all tangled up right. I get tight muscles when Im under stress and headaches too, and my memory goes down into a black hole cos the inside others borrow it. I like to be able to know what people want me to do, and I just couldnt figure it out.Another T I tried refused to talk to anyone but the host.guy was seeing us for free, I think he wanted to write a paper on us or something. Refused, however, to talk to anyone inside, even when one of us came right out (the first time this alter had ever revealed himself to anyone but the SO!) sai d please help us with this. Never gave his reason, think he just thought we were full of sh*t. this was MAJORLY upsetting for this alter, to be blown off like that now flat-out refuses to speak to anyone but maybe two people, neither of whom are the T. In another communication this same person states: the alter Im talking about still refuses to speak directly to any psych. professional, which is kind of awkward since he is one of the main adults who deals with stuff like work, bills, etc., that little conversation sent him into a spiral where he kept trying to prove or disprove his own existence to himselfone thing she did that totally set the rest of us off was when she started telling us that we couldnt switch in her office anymore. She had this thinking that switching was just our way of not taking responsibility and/or getting out of dealing with things we didnt want to deal with. Our thinking was if we switched, obviously the person who came out had more information and was re lated to the subject at hand. Opposite thinking.My current therapy is far and away the best I have had. My therapist is a Jungian analyst, with experience in DID but not a specialty in it. What makes the therapy so good is that he trusts my process and absolutely lets me set the direction and pace. He never tries to tell me what is right for me, but lets me figure it out for myself. This is not only empowering but lets me follow a crooked path that actually gets me there faster. For example, for a long time I didnt want to integrate, and he accepted that. Then I reached a point where integration began to happen and I felt it gave me strength I needed and decided I did want to be integrated, and he accepted that..My worst therapy was a therapist who didnt want me to go into unconscious/subconscious material but just wanted to talk about managing my present life. I was ready to do deeper work and he was trying to stop it, without saying so directly. Very frustrating.Good storys: 1st t treated us for a long time for PTSD, she suspected DID, but let us choose the pace. Our pace at that time was thanks but no thanks- dont want to even look at that, so we didnt. She eventually helped us to come to terms with it. Those were rough years, thanks to her, we survived.phone calls, to touch base, in between visits has really helped us. We think of them as monkey bars. You can swing just so far sometimes! e-mailif T has it or permits it. Ours does. He answers when he can, not always right away which can be hard, but her always responds. The responses, which some of us read over and over again, can be a simple one line. LikeI know this is hard, but you dont have to do it alone kind of thing. This same person wrote this upon the return of their therapist from vacation: We were very fortunate that T called this afternoon to say he was home, safe and sound. That nothing had changed, and that we would pick up where we left off. He goes above and beyond sometimes. we feel a bit stronger; and a bit closer to things that weve been trying to squash since he left.Another wrote:Our therapist called tonight, too! Jenny and I each had about 15 mins. with her. She is going to have water balloons for Jenny to throw at the outside wall tomorrow for her anger! Jenny is much calmer tonight, thank goodness.(my previous therapists) availability was only during appointment time. If I had a crisis, it was 911 which I would never have done. New T has email and I can call him 24 hours a day. Most of my crisis times have come late evening and he has always returned my call within 20 minutes (pager #) and talked me through whatever. A little cane out to him our second time together and it was pretty awesome. This totally petrified little came out to him and was completely consoled by him. Huge difference.I had one T who was very good until my anger started to surface. At this time she said that she does not work on anger except to draw or write. No yelling or thr owing allowed. She seemed to be scared of anger.how bout a pushy pollyanna of a YWCA therp who does virtually nothing but say look at the bright side and live in the here and now? as for being scared by us, I think it was that she was more scared by our family, parents especially, then she was by us. We were technically minors when we started seeing her and she met our biological parents. They pretty much had her terrified and that affected how she worked with us. She tried hard but we needed more. She never saw the signs that we gave her to let her know that we were still being hurt at the time, I dont think she really knew what to look for. Either way it has had ill effectsMy opinion about dealing with old anger issues in therapy is that there is no clear-cut best method, so use the anger technique you feel most comfortable with. However, current anger does have to be recognized also. Most clients will need to be taught assertive, functional confrontation techniques. I was fortuna te in having a therapist who recognized this as a primary need, and encouraged me to practice these confrontations with hernot in role playing, but in noticing the things that she did that were less than helpful in my own process, and then confronting her with them. She was tremendously non-defensive, listening and thanking me for sharing my reality with her. Often she would agree with me, but even when she didnt, she would always support me in having my own views and not try to change them. If I could point to any one area in therapy that was most beneficial for me, it would be this one.Personal communications collected from around the country in response to the question: What has or hasnt worked in your personal therapy process? (1999)Reference List:The International Society for the Study of Dissociation, (1997). Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) in Adults. Available: http://www.issd.org.isdguide.htmHerman, J. L., (1992). Trauma and Recovery. New York: HarperCollins. Ibid. Carbonell, J. L., (1999). A systematic clinical demonstration of promising PTSD treatment approaches. TRAUMATOLOGYe, 5:1. Available: http://www.fsu.edu/trauma/promising.htmlOchberg, F. M., (1993). Gift form Within. In J. P. Wilson B. Raphael (Eds.), International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum Press. Schmookler, E. L., (1996). Trauma Treatment Manual. Available: http://users.lamminds.com/eds/manual.htmlHerman, J. L.,(1992). 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Twemow, S. W., (1997) Exploitation of patients: Themes in the psychopathology of their therapists. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 51, 357-376. Chadda, T., Slonim, R., (1998). Boundary transgressions in the psychotheraputic framework: Who is the injured party? American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52, 489-501. Menninger, W. W., (1990). Anxiety in the psychotherapist. Bulletin of the Menninger clinic, 54, 232-245. Personal communication, A.M. (1998). Denti, L. G., Katz, M. S., (1995). Escaping the cave to dream new dreams: A normative vision for learning disabilities, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28 413-423. Zappardino, P. H., (1995). FairTest: Charting a course for testing reform. Clearing House, 68, 248-253. Enns, C. Z., (1993). Twenty years of feminist counseling and therapy: From naming biases to implementing multifaceted practice. Counseling Psychologist, 21, 3-88. Perkins, K., Tice, C., (1994). Suicide and older adults: The strengths perspective in practice. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 13, 438-455. Connors, M. E., (1997). Menninger, W. W., (1990).